Deadweight loss occurs when supply and demand are not in equilibrium. When the market price is greater or lower than the equilibrium price between demand and supply, the entire volume of production or consumption fails to occur, resulting in an inefficient allocation of resources. This inefficiency produces a loss in economic output known as deadweight loss.

A price ceiling set by the government, for example, might cause a shortage in the availability of a certain item. In this instance, the market price will be higher than the equilibrium price, as would-be customers would be willing to pay more than the current market price. However, due to the price ceiling, the quantity of the item that is purchased and the quantity produced are both lower than their equilibrium values.

Furthermore, in some cases, the government may introduce a price floor, thus distorting the equilibrium price of a product from its true market value. This would mean that producers are able to receive a higher income than would be present in a perfectly competitive market, however, the true market price is artificially below its equilibrium price and hence a deadweight loss occurs.

The presence of monopoly power in a market can also disrupt the equilibrium supply and demand balance, creating a deadweight loss. In this situation, the monopoly firm will charge a higher price, controlling the quantity of output and resulting in a drop in allocative efficiency.

Taxes, too, are a key factor in causing deadweight losses, since they can cause a product or service to be overpriced. This is because taxes, as opposed to market trading, are rarely at the equilibrium price, since taxes are set at a certain figure by a government and not by the market supply and demand.

Deadweight losses can have significant economic consequences, including efficiency losses and stunted growth in the long-term. This is because a deadweight loss results in slower economic output, reduces the overall economic surplus, and distorts the price of a good from its true value, leading to economic inefficiencies.

In conclusion, deadweight losses can be extremely damaging for an economy, caused by various market inefficiencies such as price ceilings, price floors, monopolies, and taxes. Deadweight losses not only lead to immediate economic inefficiencies but can also contribute to stunted growth in the long-term. Therefore, it is important for governments to strive to ensure market equilibrium wherever possible, to prevent economic inefficiencies from arising, and the subsequent economic losses they bring.