The equity-efficiency tradeoff is a conflict between two different economic theories: pure economic efficiency and achieving other objectives, such as equality. Pure economic efficiency is based on the utilitarian framework, which implies that economic resources should be used to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people. This approach focuses on maximizing the output of the overall economy, in the belief that a rising tide will raise all boats. Inequality is tolerated as long as it serves a larger good.

In contrast to this utilitarian approach, other moral values often suggest that greater attention should be paid to equality. For example, some people may value each person's well-being equally and believe that any redistribution of resources should be done to reduce inequality. Others may agree that greater economic efficiency is important, but also believe that some degree of redistribution is necessary to ensure that the resources of society are shared more evenly.

The equity-efficiency tradeoff is at the core of many debates in public policy. When government policies are being considered, the tradeoff can be seen in terms of whether or not the policies should take into account the needs and welfare of various segments of the population. For example, some economists argue that government policies to create jobs should prioritize efficiency, while others argue that these jobs should provide an equitable wage to workers. Similarly, when considering policies that reduce national debt, some economists might argue that the primary focus should be on reducing interest payments, while others argue that the focus should be on reducing the burden of the debt on those who are least able to absorb it.

The equity-efficiency tradeoff is an important and difficult problem, as economic efficiency and equality are both legitimate and important goals. While the answer may depend on the specific context, resolving the tradeoff often requires a careful balancing of the relative costs and benefits associated with different approaches. It is important for policymakers to consider not just economic outcomes but also the ethical implications of their decisions, in order to ensure that the outcomes benefit everyone in society.