Conflict theory is a macro-level framework that views society as an intricately interconnected system, where various social groups compete for limited resources and power. This theory, also known as power-conflict theory, began in the 19th century with thinkers such as Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. These theorists believed that humans are driven by the need to compete, and that the ruling class, or the bourgeoisie, has a monopoly on economic and social resources that it uses to maintain its power and wealth.

Proponents of conflict theory identify the principal actors in society as classes, which Marx saw as comprising a small, privileged class of bourgeois owners of capital, and the working class of proletarians. Conflict theorists believe that power or inequality among different social groups can take many forms, depending on the particular context, but all are characterized by a basic power struggle.

Marxist conflict theorists focus on how this social conflict results from underlying differences in class or economic status, and calls for a revolutionary restructuring of society along egalitarian, anticapitalist lines. This view has evolved and been adapted in later forms of conflict theories that take into consideration other sources of conflict, such as divisions based on gender, race, religion, and nationality.

Modern-day conflict theorists look at how the struggle for resources and power continues to be the driving force in our divided, complex world. They are interested in understanding the various forms of oppression and exclusion that different social groups face, and the strategies that they use to resist. They are also interested in exploring the economic, political, and cultural inequalities that have resulted from centuries of oppression, and in developing solutions that can help all social groups gain greater access to opportunities and resources.

Ultimately, conflict theory sees society as a highly contested space in which different groups are in constant struggle, vying for resources and power. This view is particularly useful for understanding the inequalities and disparities that exist in the world today, and for envisioning strategies for social change and justice.