Bioremediation is a technology which utilizes the ability of living microorganisms to exploit organic contaminants and/or toxins in the environment and convert them into less toxic and more easily managed products. It is a cost effective, safe, and environmentally friendly way to clean up environmental pollution caused by organic contaminants.  

Bioremediation relies on the natural ability of bacteria, fungi, algae, and other microorganisms to feed on environmental pollutants, breaking them down into harmless components. The biodegradation of contaminants is generally done by two different ways: biodegradation and biotransformation.

In biodegradation, microorganisms attack the pollutant in an enzymatic reaction, breaking it into smaller molecules. This process is generally slower than biotransformation. Biotransformation, on the other hand, involves metabolizing or transforming toxins into non-toxic or less-toxic compounds. This process is faster than biodegradation.

The common microorganisms used in bioremediation are bacteria and fungi. Bacterias such as Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, and Flavobacterium can metabolize hydrocarbons, while fungi such as Acremonium and Fusarium are used to remediate pollutants in wastewater.

Bioremediation can be employed both in situ (on-site) or ex situ (off-site). In the in situ process, microorganisms are cultured and applied directly to the contaminated area and allowed to metabolize the pollutants. In the ex situ process, contaminated soils or sediments are removed from the site and then treated with microorganisms in a bioreactor or contaminated water is filtered through a bioreactor. The process is followed by a safe disposal of the treated material.

Bioremediation is being adopted by businesses and industries as a viable and cost-effective alternative to more conventional methods of environmental clean-up. It is being used to effectively clean up hazardous sites, industrial waste, and contaminated groundwater. Moreover, bioremediation can also be harnessed to reduce odors and pollution generated by waste disposal sites.

Bioremediation is becoming increasingly important as it provides a safe, less costly, and sustainable alternative to more expensive and toxic approaches commonly used for environmental clean-up operations. The use of bioremediation also reduces the environmental impact of a contamination site as microorganisms can be used to convert contaminants into harmless byproducts. Moreover, it is also possible to monitor the effect of bioremediation on pollutants to ensure proper remediation of contaminated sites.